Despite global uncertainties and turbulence, the pace of innovation has never slowed, and new scientific breakthroughs around the world are reshaping human knowledge. Science and Technology Daily editors pick the top 10 international sci-tech advances of 2023 (in chronological order).

1. Electrodes grown in the brain

Swedish researchers have successfully grown electrodes in living tissue using the body's molecules as triggers. The result paves the way for the formation of fully integrated electronic circuits in living organisms.

2. Generation of functional oocytes from male mice in vitro

Japanese scientists converted the XY chromosome set to XX in mouse pluripotent stem (PS) cells. This will promote fertility research.

3. Recreating the double-slit experiment in time dimension

British physicists recreated the famous double-slit experiment in time rather than in space. The materials applied can change their optical properties in fractions of a second, which could be used in new technologies or to explore fundamental questions in physics.

4. Clamor of gravitational waves 'heard' for first time

Scientists from NANOGrav have "heard" the perpetual chorus of gravitational waves rippling through our universe for the first time, which is louder than expected, after 15 years of data collection in a galaxy-sized experiment and closely observing pulsars.

5. World's first X-ray of a single atom

Scientists from the U.S. have taken the world's first X-ray SIGNAL of just one atom. This groundbreaking achievement could revolutionize the way scientists detect materials.

6. Assembly and analysis of human Y chromosomes

A research team of more than 100 scientists worldwide has revealed the assembly and analysis of the human Y chromosome. It helps identify links of traits with Y-chromosomal variants, and garner insights into the evolution and function of the human genome.

7. Neural network helps design new proteins

Scientists from MIT combined attention neural networks with graph neural networks to better understand and design proteins. The approach couples geometric deep learning with language models, not only to predict existing protein properties but also to envision new proteins that nature has not yet devised.

8. China's space lab starts formal operation

China's Tiangong space station, which is also the national space laboratory, has been put into operation, pushing forward space applications and achieving results, according to the China Manned Space Agency in August.

9. Most complete brain cell map released

In October, scientists from multiple countries revealed the characteristics of more than 3,000 types of brain cells, which will deepen our understanding of the characteristics of the human brain and advance research into brain diseases and cognitive abilities.

10. Gemini AI outperforms both GPT-4 and expert humans

Google launched a new AI model in December, dubbed Gemini, which it claims can outperform both OpenAI's GPT-4 model and "expert level" humans in a range of intelligence tests.